wadankii ugu horeeyey ee laga abuuro dunidaan
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Waddankii ugu horreeyay ee la sameeyo adduunka waa mawduuc dood iyo tafsiir taariikheed ah. Aragtida dal ama dawlad-qaran sida aynu maanta u fahmeyno waxay soo martay qarniyo badan, samaynta ilbaxnimo iyo bulshooyinkii hore ee la yaqiin waxaa loo arki karaa inay aasaas u yihiin dalalkii ugu horreeyey.
Mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu horreeya ee taariikhda aadanaha waxay ahayd ilbaxnimadii Sumerian ee Mesobotaamiya (Ciraaq-da casriga ah) qiyaastii 4,000 BCE. Sumer waxaa badanaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah tusaalooyinka ugu horreeya ee bulsho adag oo leh awood dhexe, degsiimooyinka magaalooyinka, iyo diiwaannada qoran. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in Sumer uusan ku habooneyn qeexitaanka casriga ah ee qaran-qaran.
Dhowr xadaaradood iyo boqortooyo qadiimi ah ayaa ka soo baxay meelo kala duwan oo aduunka ah, sida Masari hore, ilbaxnimada dooxada Indus, Shiinaha hore, iyo Giriigii hore. Xadaaradahaasi waxay lahaayeen qaab-dhismeedyo siyaasadeed iyo dhul qeexan, laakiin looma tixgalinayn inay yihiin dalal kala duwan si la mid ah dawladaha casriga ah.
Fikradda casriga ah ee qaran-qaran, oo dhul qeexan ay maamusho dawlad dhexe oo leh gobannimo, waxay soo ifbaxday in badan oo taariikhda ka dib. Aqoonsiga saxda ah ee waddanka ugu horreeya marka la eego macnahan waa arrin fasiraad ah waxayna ku xiran tahay arrimo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan tixgelin siyaasadeed, bulsho iyo dhaqameed.
Waxaa muhiim ah in la aqoonsado in samaynta waddamo iyo dawlad-goboleedyo ay tahay geedi socod taariikheed oo adag oo ay saameeyaan arrimo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadeed, dhaqaale, dhaqan, iyo bulsho. Asalka gaarka ah iyo horumarka dalalku way ku kala duwan yihiin gobollada iyo xilliyada taariikhda.